In previous studies, enlarging the air gap between fabric and the skin through the placement of spacer blocks has been proven to improve air ventilation, particularly when the pumping effect is activated during movement. These studies evaluated only the total thermal insulation (Rt) and moisture vapour resistance (Ret) by using a fabric thermal manikin. The purpose of this paper is to report the experience, perceived comfort level, and ventilation effect of two designed T-shirts in a wearer trial.

Rowing is an activity which requires participants to use their whole bodies in a sitting position. Rowers must propel a boat using their arms, legs, back, and shoulders, executing all movements within the vessel. An appropriate racing singlet designed for their unique movements is essential for professional athletes’ training and competition